Instytut Nafty i Gazu - Państwowy Instytut Badawczy
TYTUŁ: Ciecze robocze – ich właściwości technologiczne i rola w procesie rekonstrukcji odwiertów / Workover fluids – their technological properties and role in the process of boreholes reconstruction
Autor: Małgorzata Uliasz
Recenzenci: dr inż. Alfons Dudek
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ISSN 2353-2718 Objętość monografii: 160 stron |
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Streszczenie Ciecz robocza (ang. workover fluid) jest jedną z rodzajów cieczy specjalnych, stosowaną po zakończeniu wiercenia otworu, tj. w okresie eksploatacji odwiertu, podczas prac rekonstrukcyjnych. Prace te, wykonywane na różnych etapach eksploatacji odwiertów, mają na celu podtrzymanie lub zwiększenie produkcji danego odwiertu oraz zachowanie jego należytego stanu technicznego. Mogą być one realizowane tylko po zatłoczeniu do odwiertu cieczy roboczej, która powinna wytwarzać przeciwciśnienie na złoże, nie dopuszczając do przypływu mediów złożowych do odwiertu, oraz umożliwiać zachowanie przewodności hydraulicznej skały zbiornikowej. Słowa kluczowe: rekonstrukcje odwiertów, warunki geologiczno-złożowe, zadania cieczy roboczych, właściwości cieczy roboczych, środki chemiczne, blokatory, przepuszczalność
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Abstract A workover fluid is a type of special liquids used at the end of borehole drilling, i.e. during well operation or during reconstruction works. Such works, carried out at various stages of borehole operation, are aimed at maintaining or increasing the production of a specific well and at maintaining its proper technical condition. They may be carried out only after injecting the workover fluid into the borehole, which should generate counterpressure on the reservoir,
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Cena egzemplarza: 60 zł netto (plus 5% VAT) Zamówienia prosimy składać e-mailowo: nafta-gaz@inig.pl lub telefonicznie 12 617 76 32. |
TYTUŁ: Wpływ wolnych glukozydów steroli na parametry niskotemperaturowe paliw i biopaliw / The influence of free steryl glucosides on low-temperature parameters of fuels and biofuels
Autor: Zygmunt Burnus
Recenzenci: Prof. dr hab. inż. Janusz Jakóbiec, Akademia Górniczo-Hutnicza
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ISSN 2353-2718 Objętość monografii: 120 stron |
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Streszczenie Wyczerpywanie się pierwotnych źródeł energii oraz wzrost emisji gazów cieplarnianych do atmosfery wymuszają podjęcie działań zmierzających do poszukiwania źródeł alternatywnych, w tym odnawialnych źródeł energii. W marcu 2011 roku Komisja Europejska wydała nową Białą Księgę – Plan utworzenia jednolitego europejskiego transportu – dążenie do osiągnięcia konkurencyjnego i zasobooszczędnego systemu transportu [Komisja Europejska, 2011]. Biała Księga przedstawia wizję konkurencyjnego i zrównoważonego systemu transportu, zapewniającego dalszy wzrost i mobilność przy jednoczesnym osiągnięciu celu obniżenia emisji gazów cieplarnianych o 60% w 2050 roku. Kierunki rozwoju paliw silnikowych są w głównej mierze determinowane przez zachodzące niekorzystne zmiany klimatyczne, które negatywnie wpływają na środowisko naturalne, jak również przez nieustanny rozwój konstrukcji silników w celu sprostania ciągle rosnącym wymaganiom ekologów i użytkowników. Współczesny świat zdał sobie sprawę, że stanął przed poważnym zagrożeniem ekologicznym wywołanym przez emisję CO2 pochodzącą w znacznym stopniu z transportu samochodowego. Szeroko rozumiana ochrona środowiska, a także klimatu wymaga w coraz większym stopniu wykorzystania coraz bardziej ekologicznych paliw silnikowych, co znalazło odzwierciedlenie w przepisach Unii Europejskiej i w konsekwencji w przepisach krajowych. Przewiduje się dalszy wzrost udziału biopaliw i biokomponentów w paliwach przeznaczonych na potrzeby transportu, przy czym będą to nie tylko paliwa pierwszej generacji pochodzące z transestryfikacji olejów roślinnych (VOE), jak obecnie powszechnie stosowane estry metylowe kwasów tłuszczowych (FAME), czy paliwa pochodzące z hydrorafinacji olejów roślinnych i tłuszczów zwierzęcych (HVO), lecz paliwa ciekłe produkowane z biomasy i bioodpadów poprzez termochemiczną Słowa kluczowe: parametry niskotemperaturowe, biodiesel, olej napędowy, wolne glukozydy steroli
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Abstract The depletion of primary energy sources and the increase in greenhouse gas emissions to the atmosphere necessitate taking action to seek alternative sources, including renewable energy sources. In March 2011, the European Commission issued a new White Paper – "Roadmap to a Single European Transport Area – Towards a competitive and resource efficient transport system" [White Paper; 2011]. The White Paper presents a vision of a competitive and sustainable transport system, ensuring its further growth and mobility while achieving the goal of reducing greenhouse gas emissions by 60% in 2050. The directions of development of motor fuels are mainly determined by the undesirable climate changes that negatively affect the environment, as well as by the constant development of engine designs in order to meet the increasing requirements of environmentalists and users. The modern world has realized that it is facing a serious environmental threat caused by CO2 emissions largely from car transport. Widely understood environmental protection, and also climate protection, requires the use of more eco-friendly engine fuels, which is reflected by European Union Directives and, consequently, in national legislation. A further increase in the share of biofuels and biocomponents in fuels intended for transport is expected, and these will not only be first generation fuels derived from vegetable oil transesterification (VOE) such as the currently commonly used fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) or fuels derived from the hydrotreatment of vegetable oils and animal fats (HVO), but also liquid fuels produced from biomass and bio-waste through thermochemical conversion. Low-temperature properties, and also the presence of biocomponents (FAME) in diesel fuel, which is the source of deposits in the engine and in its fuel system, causing many operational problems, are one of the important quality parameters of fuels intended for supplying diesel engines (ZS). FAME from rapeseed oil, widely used in the European Union as a biofuel for compression-ignition engines, has not, until recently, been suspected of affecting the performance parameters of the final product by the trace substances they contain, such as free sterol glucosides. In 2011, Polish fuel bases signaled the problem of a large amount of greasy deposits in tanks with a mixture of 5% (V/V) FAME in fuel for supplying diesel engines. Keywords: low-temperature parameters, biodiesel, diesel fuel, free sterol glucosides |
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Cena egzemplarza: 60 zł netto (plus 5% VAT) Zamówienia prosimy składać e-mailowo: nafta-gaz@inig.pl lub telefonicznie 12 617 76 32. |
TYTUŁ: Stosowanie paliw etanolowych do silników o zapłonie iskrowym / The use of ethanol fuels to spark ignition engines
Autorzy: Zbigniew Stępień, Magdalena Żółty
Recenzenci:
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ISBN: 978-83-65649-31-7 ISSN: 2353-2718 DOI: 10.18668/PN2019.224 |
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Streszczenie
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Abstract In the European Union, the second largest sector of the economy, responsible for 20% of emissions of harmful substances, including greenhouse gases into the atmosphere, is road transport. It remains one of the few sectors whose emissions are constantly growing, thus negating the progress made by other sectors of the economy. Introduced in 2009 the European directives: Renewable Energy Directive and Fuel Quality Directive, allow the increase of ethanol content in traditional gasoline to 10% (V/V), and also support the construction of Flex Fuel Vehicles adapted to fuel supply containing up to 85% (V/V) of ethanol. The fuels for piston combustion engines are characterized by functional properties that meet the high requirements of modern internal combustion engines, implementing complicated combustion processes and equipped with, among others, multi-point, very technically advanced fuel injection systems, innovative supercharging systems and catalytic multifunctional exhaust gas cleaning systems. The chemical composition of fuels is constantly evolving, mainly due to the action of environmentalists in the scope of limiting emissions of harmful substances from the combustion of fuels into the atmosphere and continuous development of engines. These activities force car designers to change the design of power systems, combustion chambers, exhaust gas treatment systems, and fuel manufacturers to adapt their chemical composition to minimize the emission of harmful substances generated during the combustion of such fuels. Therefore, the use of biofuel and biocomponents as an admixture to conventional fuels becomes increasingly important. The theoretical part of this publication describes the advantages and disadvantages of using ethanol as a component of gasoline and ethanol fuels. Based on the knowledge of available industry literature, the results of studies of ethanol impact on the emission of harmful components into the atmosphere are presented. The focus was also on the challenges faced by the engineers of internal combustion engines to adapt them to operating with fuels containing an increased share of ethanol in the fuel. The experimental part presents the results of research carried out as part of research projects and statutory work at the Oil and Gas Institute – National Research Institute. These results concern: • determination of the impact of ethanol fuels on spark ignition engine performance and their operational parameters; • assessment of regulated and unregulated emissions of harmful components of exhaust gases from spark ignition engines; • studies on the influence of ethanol fuels on the formation of harmful deposits on test engines; • multidirectional studies on the impact of ethanol fuels on the degradation processes of engine lubricating oil. |
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Cena egzemplarza:60 zł netto (plus 5% VAT) Koszt przesyłki: 5 zł brutto za sztukę – list polecony Zamówienia prosimy składać e-mailowo: nafta-gaz@inig.pl lub telefonicznie 12 617 76 32. |
TYTUŁ: Zabiegi hydraulicznego szczelinowania złóż niekonwencjonalnych i metody ich analizy / Hydraulic fracturing in unconventional reservoirs, and methods of their analysis
Autorzy: Piotr Kasza
Recenzenci:
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ISSN 2353-2718 ISBN 978-83-65649-33-1 DOI: 10.18668/PN2019.226 |
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Streszczenie
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Abstract This work presents fundamental information on hydraulic fracturing treatments as well as the history of its development. The key role of fracturing in unconventional reservoirs completion was underlined, and the modern techniques of analysing treatments, on the example of fracturing in shale formation were presented. The first chapter contains the characteristics of fracturing operations. The basic information on unconventional accumulation of hydrocarbons and methods of their completion was given. The most effective methods of stimulating these deposits and key elements ensuring the effectiveness of these activities were indicated. Significant differences between these formations and the resulting differences in the technology of their fracturing were also indicated. The second chapter includes the description of fracturing fluids and proppants, their characteristics, tasks and requirements. Specification of typical chemical additives for fluids, and the purpose for which they were used, as well as the proppants used for fracturing, method of their examination and selection for fracturing in various reservoir conditions were discussed. The third chapter is the most extensive part of the work. It is dedicated to the analysis of the performed tests and fracturing treatments in the shale gas wells. These analyses were made on the basis of real, field data from fracturing. The first part presents the method of preparing data for the technical design of the project procedure. Based on this design it is possible to plan the stimulation treatments in a certain well. The second part of the chapter, presents the results of minifrac tests, used to diagnose the well and formation just before fracturing. The purpose of these operations is to confirm or modify the design assumptions and to prepare the final fracturing design. The method of analysing the minifrac tests, and the most important information obtained from them, are shown. The last part presents the results of fracturing of individual sections of the horizontal example well in two variants. The first treatments designed for execution and the second treatments that were actually performed. The fourth chapter summarizes the collected information and presents the conclusions resulting from the performed analyses. Based on these analyses differences between parameters of the geomechanical model and the data obtained from minifrac were identified. In some of the analyzed cases, the tests confirmed low efficiency of reservoir completion by perforation. Also confirmed were the differences between assumed and actual reservoir parameters which may lead to difficulties during fracturing. The analysis performed, proved that the minifrac tests before the main treatment are useful in the proper planning of the main fracturing operation. It was found that they can be used in the design and evaluation of the effectiveness of fracturing operations in unconventional reservoirs. |
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Cena egzemplarza:60 zł netto (plus 5% VAT) Zamówienia prosimy składać e-mailowo: nafta-gaz@inig.pl lub telefonicznie 12 617 76 32. |